Critical Articulators HBR 180898

An example of variability across speakers and instances (but not contexts) for given stop consonants is shown in the Figure. Trajectories of the lower lip, tongue tip, and tongue dorsum measured using X-ray microbeam equipment are shown. The plots show vertical movements of the articulator normalised for duration and amplitude, for eight versions from each of three speakers, producing the onsonants in a [C-ax-C-ax-C-ax-C-ax-C-ax] context. The number for each graph relates to the variation between trajectories. After Papcun et al. 1992.

G. Papcun, J. Hochberg, T. R. Thomas, F. Laroche, J. Zacks and S. Levy. Inferring articulation and recognizing gestures from acoustics with a neural network trained on x-ray microbeam data. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92(2), 688-700, 1992.